by Douglas E. Gordon, Hon. AIA
The May 20 plenary theme session focused on a movement across
building design, construction, and operations referred to variously as “interoperability” and
the “Building Information Model.” Based on the need for 3D-graphic
databases that accumulate and store all detailed information on a project,
the Building Information Model concept is in demand by clients, fabricators,
and constructors alike. The call to action that Friday morning—including
from panelist Thom Mayne, FAIA—was for architects to embrace the
marvels of this technology, too.
From preliminary site-selection criteria to interior finishes, and everything
in between—including model studies, scheduling, pricing, systems
specifications, framing and cladding details, and all the concomitant
decision trails—the design and construction process of tomorrow
is finally here today, five expert panelists made abundantly clear.
The other side of your brain
“Yesterday, we looked at the power of architecture from the perspective
of community values,” said AIA President Douglas L Steidl, FAIA,
as he kicked off the discussion. “Now, it’s time to switch
on the other side of our brains, the side that focuses on technology and
the tools that are shaping the future of building design and construction.
Increasingly, we are aware that the application of advanced digital information
and imaging techniques is changing practice, especially how we communicate
with clients and our partners in the building trades.” Steidl introduced
McGraw-Hill Construction President Norbert W. Young Jr., FAIA, to begin
the session.
The way we are doing things now, “traditionally,” Young
said, is very different from the way the process could be working. The
Building Information Model allows space, form, and time to be represented
in a single interoperable model.
Panel moderator Daniel Friedman, PhD, FAIA, director of the University
of Illinois at Chicago School of Architecture, began with the observation
that thinking in four dimensions—3D over time—is not a philosophy
but a state of mind. The panel he moderated brought together five innovators,
all with architectural backgrounds, yet each with a different perspective
on the Building Information Model, Friedman explained. Tools that will
help architects and related professionals implement the full dress rehearsal
of 4D design exist, he said, and the day’s discussion will offer
a glimpse into what the coming world of design and construction will
look like. But, he warned, true team interaction through technology will
require hard work on the architects’ part.
Owners and interoperability
Representing the owner’s perspective was William P. Tibbett of
Johnson & Johnson. Change is now, and clients are demanding a new
way, he said. They no longer tolerate mistakes, delays, and team members
not being able to share their networked information. “Owners, clients,
corporations like mine won’t put up with this situation any longer,” he
said. And it is the architect who best understands both process and results
of process, which puts them in a position of having the earliest and
longest relation with the owner. So it is architects who should most
welcome the opportunity to adopt 3D modeling to meet these client’s
demands.
As immediate past president of the Construction Users Roundtable (CURT),
Tibbett shared four recent CURT findings on what that owner’s group
wants from the design/construction team members:
- Engage the owners as the leaders of the team, recognizing that they
want the proper use of technology from every team member
- Integrate the project team, including constructors, which may require
new legal tools to facilitate new intra-team relationships
- Appreciate the business models involved, which require open seamless
data flow and elimination of errors
- Build an information model based on endorsed techniques of document
workflow and decision making.
The large-firm viewpoint
It might be hard to follow such a tough-minded owner, quipped HOK CEO
Patrick E. MacLeamy, AIA, “but I’d follow an owner anywhere.” He
immediately launched into a continuation of Tibbett’s message
of imperative with a declaration that architects are losing ground
in the design and construction industry despite their hard work. The
big projects are almost to completion by the time many architects become
involved. One reason, he said, is that architect documentation doesn’t
give contractors all they need. Traditionally, architects’ services
were heaviest in construction document production, rather than in schematic
design and design development, he said. And, yet, it is in SD and DD
that the most strategic impact can be made on saving cost and time
and increasing project quality.
And now, design delivery includes litigation as the final phase, “something
I never learned in school,” he said. The audience laughed, MacLeamy
did not. He exhorted those in attendance to use the software innovations
now available up front to coordinate and analyze iterative options to
provide the real-time cost estimating the client wants. Only that will
allow architects to take their place as shapers of the built environment
by working smarter, not harder, he concluded.
A software developer weighs in
Phillip G. Bernstein, FAIA, of Autodesk, shared his insight that it is
not the architect’s role that is changing. Instead, it is the
pace of change that is increasing and swirling around the profession
so fast that architects appear to be in stasis. Building Information
Modeling is a practical, proven means of enabling the architects to
keep pace. Generating an intelligent 3D database only once that supports
fabrication and assembly drastically transforms project delivery, and
the whole team works differently; more closely. For the architects,
this means leaving behind the concept of master builder and taking
on the new role of master controller. The new software capabilities
are re-fabricating architecture, Bernstein said, so that architects
can provide better service and manage risk. “The possibilities
are there,” he said. “Do we want to take part?”
An architect/engineer’s case study
Joseph G. Burns, FAIA, PE, SE, vice president of Thorton-Thomasetti Engineers,
used the Adaptive Reuse of Soldier Field (Lohan Caprile Goettsch, architect)
to illustrate the benefits of using 3D modeling to keep a large, complex
project on time and budget.
Most industries have grown twice as fast as most architects in adopting
the use of 3D interoperable modeling, and steel fabricators have been
moving even faster than that, he said. He showed how 3D framing modeling
allows precise planning of shapes and connections so that fabricators
can efficiently produce parts that constructors can assemble with speed
and assurance.
On Soldier Field, the steel fabricators’ coordination with the
cladding manufacturer, also using 3D modeling, was smooth and efficient,
Burns pointed out. Coordination with the precast provider, which worked
in 2D drawings, proved problematic. The silver lining, he said, is that
precasters are currently looking to 3D modeling to cut their delivery
time to a sixth of what has been the case until now—very ambitious
and commendable, Burns said. This process is revolutionizing the whole
A/E/C industry, Burns said.
The view from a Pritzker Prize recipient
“Prepare yourselves for a new profession in coming decades” warned
Thom Mayne, FAIA, this year’s Pritzker Prize winner and Morphosis
principal. There now exists a medium that can allow the architect to start
with land forms, develop and test design concepts, and move through millions
of bits of information to final form, capturing all of those decisions
in a database useable by fabricators, constructors, and owners.
It is the embedded process, not the end product that fascinates Mayne.
The new tools, he said, allow him to concentrate on design rather than
the much-more-mundane physical aspects of building and analyzing models.
This allows him to produce spaces it would have been impossible to conceive
10 years ago, much less build. And this increase in performance allows
U.S. architects to compete in the ever-tighter global markets. Architects
should be demanding these capabilities, Mayne exhorted.
Using the San Francisco Federal Courthouse he is currently developing
with the General Services Administration as an example, Mayne showed
how 3D modeling design blurs the line from design to prototyping and
fabrication/construction. It also allows micro and macro iterations during
design development through computerized modeling. It is possible to develop
a model, have it thoroughly analyzed, and reevaluate its design within
a day without a hand ever touching a physical model. Thus, design development
moves much more in keeping with the speed of the creative, critical,
iterative mind, with very high specificity, Mayne said. “Anything
you can imagine is possible.”
Take ‘try’ out of your vocabulary
In concluding remarks, Friedman paraphrased AIA Executive Vice President
/CEO Norman L. Koonce, FAIA, by reminding the audience that “Excellence
does not come by chance, it comes by choice.”
This is a call to immediate action for architects, panelists agreed.
There is perhaps a five-year window of opportunity for the architecture
profession to embrace this technology if it is to stay relevant to clients.
Further, this is not an onerous task or limiting technology, but an opportunity
for architects to free themselves from the tedious, slow, and error-prone
nature of traditional construction-document production and put more concentration
on creative problem-solving and design.
This is “total Gestalt,” Mayne concluded. “This is
a complete rethinking of our work.” He referred to the formal design
demands, such as the work of Frank Gehry, FAIA, opining that “adherence
to accepted Classical forms is limiting.” He also pointed to the
waste of talent of concentrating on arcane, traditional skills. Iconoclastically,
he pointed to “drawing plants in school” as a traditional
skill set that he will never use again.
Referring to the work of the technics-teaching 2005 Topaz Medallion
recipient Edward Allen, MacLeamy encouraged the audience to “lobby
your school alma maters to redo the studio” and concentrate on
the inate computer-centric capabilities of today’s students to
align them with their design talents.
How do you learn to use the new technology? By doing it, Tibbitt said.
Identify hurdles, find solutions, and determine what is available on
the market to facilitate those solutions. What clients such as Johnson & Johnson
need is precise operational information.
Steidl concluded the discussion by telling the assembled that the AIA
Board has heard messages brought out during discussions such as this
over the past year. The Board believes, he said. “We believe we
have three to five years to achieve this.”
Copyright 2005 The American Institute of Architects.
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